A report from the exhibition at the Zotov Center: 1922. Constructivism. The Beginning

Contents:

• Painting and Graphics
• Constructions in Volume
• Theater and Cinema
• Summing Up

In 2006, Moscow's Bakery No. 5 ceased production. In 2018, its reconstruction began, carried out in collaboration with the Spich architectural bureau under the direction of Sergey Tchoban. This work resulted in the opening of a new exhibition space, the Zotov Center, at the end of November. This renovated space has become an important cultural platform for exhibitions and events, attracting both locals and tourists. The Zotov Center is an example of the successful transformation of industrial heritage into a contemporary public space.

The bakery building is a significant monument to constructivism and plays a key role in the history of Russian avant-garde art. The center, which will be opened there, will focus on research activities and will also house a permanent exhibition, complemented by temporary exhibitions. This space will become a platform for the study and popularization of the legacy of avant-garde art, attracting the attention of both researchers and the general public.

We visited the exhibition "1922. Constructivism. Beginnings" at the Zotov Center to explore the space and share our impressions. The exhibition covers both floors of the new cultural center, providing a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the beginnings of constructivism and its influence on art and architecture.

In recent years, Moscow has seen a growing interest in blockbuster exhibitions that are characterized by their scale and dynamic approach to exhibition dramaturgy. The announcement of the exhibition "Constructivism. The Beginning" creates the expectation of a spectacular format, but in practice everything turns out differently. The curators have done a serious job, and the exhibition narrative is constructed with attention to detail and a calm rhythm, which allows for a deeper immersion in the topic. This exhibition offers a unique opportunity to understand the significance of constructivism and its influence on contemporary art, attracting both specialists and a general audience.

Painting and Drawing

The exhibition opens subduedly, in an atmosphere of silence, where non-objective compositions by Kandinsky and Kruchenykh harmoniously coexist with the musical score of Scriabin's "Prometheus" ("Poem of Fire"). It all begins in the 1910s, when future constructivists began to explore new ideas and directions in art. These experiments lay the foundation for the further development of the avant-garde movement, opening new horizons for artistic expression and forming a unique style that continues to inspire contemporary art.

The Zotova space is comprised of abandoned factory workshops, where each exhibition is accompanied by the creation of new walls. The current project uses tall mesh panels as partitions, lending a light and open feel to the space. Elements of hanging graphics shine through the mesh, creating a multi-layered and dynamic effect. This unique combination allows viewers not only to enjoy the art but also to perceive the atmosphere of the space, enriching their experience of interacting with the exhibition.

Through the elegant lattice of the wall located directly opposite From the entrance, text messages can be seen on the backs of two paintings. These works of art are reconstructions of Pyotr Miturich's "Spatial Graphics," created in 1921 and restored by his son. The paintings themselves will be on display later, but at the beginning of your acquaintance with the exhibition, you will be able to read only the text.

It would be better to entrust this to the artist. However, such books do not yet exist, and they are presented for the first time by the Budetlyans. A work copied by someone other than the author, or even by the author himself, who did not preserve his identity during the copying process, loses the unique qualities that the original handwriting imparted to it at the moment of creative inspiration.

V. Khlebnikov and L. Kruchenykh are outstanding figures of the Russian avant-garde, whose works had a significant influence on the development of poetry and art of the 20th century. V. Khlebnikov, known as a poet and theorist, explored new forms and linguistic experiments, striving to create a universal language. L. Kruchenykh, in turn, was not only a poet but also an artist, actively involved in the development of concepts associated with Futurism and Constructivism. Their collaboration resulted in the creation of numerous vibrant works that intertwined various artistic forms and ideas. Their works continue to be studied and inspire modern artists, highlighting the importance of their contribution to Russian literature and art.

In 1913, the world was on the threshold of significant changes. This time was marked by important events in various spheres, including politics, culture, and science. In Europe, tensions between countries were growing, which eventually led to the First World War. At the same time, revolutionary changes were taking place in art and literature: avant-garde movements were gaining popularity, and new ideas about freedom and self-expression began to actively penetrate society. In science, 1913 became a significant year thanks to discoveries in physics and chemistry, which ushered in a new era in technological development. This year marked a significant milestone in history, foreshadowing many global changes that would shape the future development of humanity.

The artist's text and painting form a single whole. Interestingly, the words written on the reverse side are usually hidden from the viewer. The opportunity to see them through the translucent walls is truly a stroke of luck. This opens a new perspective on the work, allowing for a deeper understanding of the author's intentions and creative process.

This post features a quote from Velimir Khlebnikov and Alexei Kruchenykh's manifesto "The Letter as Such." In this context, we encounter the term "budetlyane," which was used by modernists to describe people of the future. This word most accurately captures the essence and ideals of modernism, their desire for new forms of self-expression and a rethinking of traditional values.

One of the key concepts of avant-garde art is "zaum," which can be found in the work of Kruchenykh. He used this word on a poster for a literary debate about zaum poetry. Zaum is a language in which traditional words are replaced by new, invented terms and forms. Avant-garde visual graphics are also a kind of "zaum," but in this case, they consist of abstract forms and elements presented on a flat surface. Thus, zaum in poetry and graphics reflects the desire of artists and poets to experiment, search for new means of expression and rejection of familiar forms.

Constructivists completely reject the traditional language of painting, which sought to convey the image of phenomena or impressions from them, as did the Impressionists. The works of Sergei Luchishkin and Ivan Kudryashov clearly demonstrate the principles of the avant-garde, where the artists explore space on a plane, experiment with lines and colors, and convey a sense of movement without resorting to explicit form. These works emphasize the importance of the abstract approach in contemporary art, where the emphasis shifts to perception and the emotional component, rather than the exact reproduction of reality.

An exhibition dedicated to the Russian avant-garde is unthinkable without its iconic work, "Black Square." This canvas immediately attracts attention, but upon closer inspection, one gets the impression that something is wrong with it. "The Black Square" not only symbolizes a revolution in art, but also raises many questions about the perception of contemporary art and its role in the cultural context. Importantly, this work raises discussions about the boundaries of artistic expression and the meaning of abstraction in art.

The Black Square on display at the exhibition is not a work by Kazimir Malevich. Only four versions of this famous work exist, and the current exhibition features the second version, created in 1923 by Nikolai Suetin, a student of Malevich, specifically for the Venice Biennale. This copy is smaller in size and has different craquelure patterns compared to the original. Looking at the bustling Black Square, it is worth considering the essence of this art and whether it is possible for everyone to reproduce it.

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Kazimir Malevich's "Black Square" is one of the most famous and enigmatic works in the art world. Created in 1915, this painting symbolizes the transition to abstraction and raises many questions about meaning and context. The genius of "Black Square" lies in its ability to evoke an emotional response and encourage the viewer to reflect on the nature of art.

Malevich rejects traditional forms and subjects, making his work revolutionary for its time. "The Black Square" has become more than just a painting; it is a manifesto that challenges conventional notions of artistic expression. This work opens new horizons for interpretation and analysis, emphasizing the importance of context and perception.

Questions about what lies behind "The Black Square" continue to excite art historians and viewers. Over the years, the painting has inspired artists and become the subject of research, confirming its significance in art history. The genius of "The Black Square" lies not only in its form, but also in the way it forces us to rethink the very essence of art and its role in society.

Kliment Redko's "Husband and Wife," created in 1922, is an outstanding example of painting, attracting attention for its originality. Looking at this work, one associates with the classic medieval story of "Adam and Eve": electrical impulses wrap around the characters' legs, reminiscent of snakes, and the blue ball at the top of the painting is associated with an apple. Interestingly, Redko never left Europe until 1927, and having trained as an icon painter at the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, he showed no interest in religious themes or their interpretations. In his works, the artist used the term "electroorganisms," emphasizing the influence of technological progress on contemporary art and society. This painting is not only a reflection of its time, but also a significant contribution to the development of painting, marking the transition from traditional subjects to new forms of perception of reality.

Kliment Redko's painting "Uprising," created in 1925, is his most famous work and is on permanent display at the Tretyakov Gallery. The exhibition at the Zotov Gallery is attractive because it provides an opportunity to become acquainted with previously unexplored aspects of the artist's work. Even if you think you are familiar with his work, this exhibition reveals new facets of his art and deepens our understanding of Redko's artistic legacy.

Varvara Stepanova is known as an artist working with fabric, but this exhibition also features her graphic works. Alexander Rodchenko is presented as not only a collagist but also a creator of three-dimensional models, demonstrating the diversity of his talent. El Lissitzky, known as a poster artist, also makes his mark as a theatrical costume designer, highlighting his diverse contributions to the arts.

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El Lissitzky: Pioneer of a New Artistic World

El Lissitzky was an outstanding artist and art theorist who had a significant influence on the development of the avant-garde movement of the 20th century. His works became a symbol of a new artistic aesthetic, uniting architecture, graphics, and painting. Lissitzky sought to create a unique visual language reflecting the social and political changes of his time.

His concepts, such as "environmental design" and "flat architecture," anticipated many modern design ideas. Lissitzky used geometric shapes and vibrant colors to convey the emotional charge and ideals of the new society. His famous works, including "Poster for an Exhibition" and "The Problem of Space," exemplify the synthesis of art and technology.

In addition to creating art, El Lissitzky was also active in educational projects, promoting the ideas of constructivism and collective creativity. His legacy continues to inspire contemporary artists and designers, and his influence is felt in fields ranging from graphic design to architecture.

Studying the work of El Lissitzky opens new horizons for understanding art and its role in shaping public consciousness.

Alexei Kruchenykh's opera "Victory Over the Sun" is an important work of the Russian avant-garde. It begins with memorable words that set the tone for the entire work. This unique combination of poetry, music, and theater captures the spirit of the times and the desire for innovation. Created at the beginning of the 20th century, the opera became a symbol of revolutionary changes in art. In it, Kruchenykh uses experimental forms and abstract ideas, making it significant in the context of contemporary art. "Victory Over the Sun" remains relevant and attracts the interest of researchers and art lovers around the world.

The Zovavs will call you, just as the half-celestial beings from those places.

The Minavs will reveal the secrets of your past. Discover who you were in previous lives and what lessons they can bring to the present. Immerse yourself in a world of self-discovery and discover unique aspects of your soul. Let the myths and legends of the Minavs help you understand your true essence. Bytavs are a unique group of people living in a specific cultural environment. They offer an intriguing example of how various factors, including traditions and customs, shape identity and lifestyle. Bytavs are more than just a term; they reflect a person's interaction with the world around them, where each of them could have become someone else had circumstances been different. It is important to understand how such communities influence our perception of ourselves and others, as well as the development of cultural and historical processes. Exploring the Bytavs opens the door to understanding the diversity of human experience and potential. The Utroga and Utrava Minavs will reveal the secrets of your future. These ancient symbols and signs will help you understand what steps to take on the path to success and happiness. Explore their meaning and listen to their wisdom to gain confidence in your decisions and actions. Let the little figures of the morning and morning be your guide through a world of possibilities and change.

Kazimir Malevich designed the costumes for the theatrical production, while El Lissitzky went further and conceived the creation of an "electromechanical show." In this project, the main roles were to be played by "figurines"—marionettes. However, in the lithographs, they are difficult to recognize: arms and legs are missing, and only faces can be discerned among the Suprematist forms. Lissitzky strove for innovation, combining art and technology, which emphasized his unique approach to theatrical art.

The electromechanical show was never realized, but the costume sketches for it represent an interesting graphic experiment by the avant-garde artist. These works reflect unstable compositions, geometric rigor, and the three primary colors of constructivism—white, red, and black. The costume sketches demonstrate a deep connection with avant-garde movements and remain relevant in the context of contemporary art.

Constructions in Volume

The first floor of the exhibition focuses on working with a plane, while the second floor emphasizes spatial solutions.

At the entrance are self-stressed structures, which are well known thanks to the works of Vyacheslav Koleichuk, who explored this topic at the end of the 20th century. However, these unique objects were designed by Karl Iohannson in 1921, and Koleichuk was merely reconstructing them. The structures consist of metal rods and wooden beams connected by taut threads. If any of these threads are cut, the complex three-dimensional figure immediately disintegrates. Such works demonstrate the magnificence and fragility of self-stressed systems, creating impressive visual effects and emphasizing the possibilities of interaction between materials in artistic practice.

Alexander Rodchenko became famous for his work in photography and collage, but his contribution to architectural development remains less well-known. The exhibition features his 1919 design for an airport terminal, as well as unique sheets from the "City with an Upper Facade" series. Modernist ideas of the time were based on a belief in progress, which was supposed to change the appearance of cities. People would begin to perceive streets from above—from airships and high-rise buildings, which, in turn, necessitated a new approach to façade design. Thus, Rodchenko not only anticipated architectural trends but also proposed innovative solutions that are still relevant today.

The exhibition features many works from Russian museums, such as the Tretyakov Gallery, the Vladimir Mayakovsky Museum, the Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, and the National Museum of Music. However, a section of the exhibition is particularly valuable, including Rodchenko's architectural designs, loaned by collectors Iveta and Tamaz Manasherov. This private collection offers a unique opportunity for visitors to see the original works, making the exhibition "1922. Constructivism. Beginnings" a true event for lovers of the art and history of constructivism.

Theater and Cinema

Theatre sets represent a unique genre in which constructivists were able to realize their ideas, transcending the boundaries of the flat sheet. Sketches for theater scenes harmoniously combine elements of avant-garde graphics, characterized by dynamism, geometric shapes, and a restrained color palette. These compositions did not remain at the sketch level, but were transformed into three-dimensional structures that can be seen in photographs and models. Theatrical scenery became an important aspect in the development of performing arts, allowing for the creation of a unique atmosphere and visual perception of performances.

The projects are replete with staircases, passages, ramps, and moving elements that emphasize the power of factory production. For example, Vasily Komardenkov uses a large factory shaft on stage to tell the audience about the Luddites—workers who protested the introduction of machines into factories. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, many people lost their jobs and began to riot, destroying machinery. This production is called "Machine Destroyers" and explores the themes of the transformation of labor and social justice in the era of technological change.

Theatrical set design is closely linked to the unexpected direction of cinema. This is unsurprising, as cinema utilizes the most cutting-edge technologies and ideas of its time, making this genre inherently innovative. Cinema and theater have much in common in terms of visual perception and atmosphere, and the use of theatrical sets in film allows for the creation of unique worlds and images. Avant-garde ideas of theater are reflected in cinema, which contributes to the development of both arts and their interpenetration.

Avant-garde cinema is characterized not only by graphic content, but also by editing. The exhibition features fragments from the 1923 film "Glumov's Diary." Sergei Eisenstein, working on this project, developed his concept of "montage of attractions." In his approach, the combination of shots is intended to evoke a special emotional impact in the viewer. Also worth noting is Lev Kuleshov's film "Engineer Prite's Project," which has gone down in history as a striking example of the new editing. In this film, changing shots and an emphasis on detail emphasize the dramaturgy, creating a unique audience experience. Avant-garde cinema thus became an important stage in the development of cinema, which emphasized editing as a key element of narrative.

Cinema of the early 20th century was silent, and the photographs of theatrical productions in the exhibition create a static impression. To overcome this feeling of silence, the exhibition curators developed an interactive space. This space features several installations that reproduce the sounds that accompany theatrical performances. For example, a "rhythm combiner" with a metal roller imitates the sounds of working machine tools, while a "piano" creates the sounds of automatic machines. The "wind" installation reproduces the rustling and sound of loose materials. All these elements can be activated to hear the sound of the New Man of the early 20th century. This approach allows visitors not only to see but also to feel the atmosphere of that time, creating a unique experience of interacting with the history of theater and cinema.

Summing Up

The exhibition leaves mixed feelings. The solidity of the display does not reflect the spirit of the time, when everything sparkled and glittered, and cities reached for the sky. The emotional component of graphics during that period supplanted storylines. The exhibition narrative is measured, detailed, and focused on details. This approach will be of interest to those already familiar with the avant-garde and seeking to deepen their knowledge. The exhibition presents lesser-known works by constructivists and reveals unexpected directions in their work, which, it would seem, has already been well studied.

Recommended places to visit:

A retrospective exhibition of Konstantin Melnikov, the renowned architect and designer, is taking place at the Shchusev Museum of Architecture. This event offers a unique opportunity to explore the creative legacy of a master who had a significant influence on the development of 20th-century architecture in Russia. The exhibition includes not only architectural projects but also unique drawings, photographs, and Melnikov's personal belongings, providing a deeper understanding of his philosophy and approach to design. Visitors will be able to see both well-known and little-known works that reflect the diversity of Konstantin Melnikov's styles and ideas. The exhibition will be of interest to both professional architects and the general public interested in learning more about these outstanding figures in the world of architecture. The Shchusev Museum of Architecture provides an excellent platform for studying and discussing Melnikov's legacy, helping to preserve his ideas and innovations for future generations.

Expires until January 23, 2023.

See also:

• Design History: 1920s–1930s, Bauhaus and VKHUTEMAS
• The History of One Design: "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge"
• The History of One Design: Kazimir Malevich's Half-Cup Teapot
• The Soviet Answer to Eiffel: Tatlin's Tower
• Sickle and Pin: USSR Fonts