How to Come Up with New Game Mechanics – Practical Tips from Rafael Koster

Contents:

• What is creativity?
• Laying the foundation
• Back to creativity
• The artistic side of the game
• "Help yourself" and other harmless tips

In 2014, Raph Koster presented his presentation "Practical Creativity" at GDC, sharing effective techniques for creating new game mechanics and integrating them into the story. The title perfectly reflects the essence of the talk: participants were given numerous examples, exercises, and practical methods that can be easily applied in their work. Even though much time has passed since the talk, Koster's advice remains relevant and useful not only for game developers. They can be adapted and used in any field that requires a creative approach.

An outstanding game developer, best known for his role as the lead designer on the Ultima Online project and creative director on Star Wars Galaxies. His contributions to the creation of these iconic online games had a significant influence on the development of the MMORPG genre. Specializing in creating immersive game worlds and unique mechanics, he continues to inspire new developers in the industry.

Early in my career, I collaborated with friends on LegendMUD, a MUD game with a vast world inspired by history and myth. LegendMUD was one of the first MUDs where players chose attributes instead of classes during character creation, which later influenced games like Ultima Online. In 2019, game designer Eric Goldberg and I founded Playable Worlds, a studio focused on developing massively multiplayer online games. Our goal is to create innovative game worlds that bring players together and provide unique experiences.

Koster, a literary scholar, delves into the study of play and how to generate it in his acclaimed book, Game Design and Entertainment Theory. His works span both prose and poetry, and are available for reading on the author's official website. During his school years, he created board games, which confirms his early interest in game mechanics and entertainment.

Raf Koster at GDC 2012. This image is available on Wikimedia Commons. Raph Koster, a renowned game developer and creative director, has become an important figure in the video game industry. His presentations at GDC often attract attention, as he shares his unique perspectives on game creation and design. Koster's participation in events like GDC highlights his influence on the development of gaming culture and technology.

Skillbox Media shares valuable knowledge gained from the presentation. We are confident that these ideas will inspire you to create a unique project that will become a new breakthrough in the gaming industry, similar to how Doom changed the approach to video games. Use this knowledge to realize your ambitions and make a mark on the world of gaming.

The core theory represents the key concepts and principles that underlie the discipline being studied. It forms the basis for further analysis and application of knowledge. The core theory includes basic definitions, laws, and models that help to understand complex phenomena and processes. Studying this theory allows not only to better navigate the subject but also to develop effective solutions for practical problems. Understanding the core theory is an important step in professional development and in-depth study of the topic.

• Hierarchy in Games
• Modular Thinking
• Systems Thinking

Creative approaches to mechanics are an important aspect of modern design and development. The use of innovative solutions allows you to create unique and memorable products that attract the attention of users. Incorporating non-standard mechanics into projects improves user experience and increases engagement. Effective creative strategies can include gamification elements, interactive interfaces, and adaptive solutions that take into account audience preferences and behavior. Developing such mechanics requires a deep understanding of the target audience and its needs, which, in turn, contributes to the creation of more attractive and functional solutions. It is important to constantly research new trends and technologies to remain competitive in the market and offer users fresh and interesting content.

• Contexts
• Metrics
• Game space
• Analog modeling
• Working with constraints
• Game goals
• Input devices
• Topology
• Combining two games
• Unusual solutions to familiar problems
• Metaphors

Creative approaches to plot are an important aspect in creating engaging content. They allow authors to stand out from standard narratives and engage their audience. Using unconventional structures, unexpected twists, and deep characters helps create a more memorable and intriguing story. It's also important to consider the target audience and current trends to ensure the story resonates with readers. Elements such as a multi-layered denouement, unexpected conflicts, and original points of view can significantly enrich a narrative. Using creative approaches to plot not only improves the perception of the story, but also promotes deeper interaction with the audience, which in turn increases interest in the work and its popularity.

• Theme
• Plot approach
• Gameplay approach
• Combining the two approaches
• General tips

A distinguished developer, renowned for his work on Ultima Online as lead designer and Star Wars Galaxies as creative director. His contributions to the video game industry have had a significant impact on the development of MMORPGs, bringing innovative ideas and unique gaming experiences.

Early in my career, working with friends, I created LegendMUD, a MUD game with an expansive world based on myths and legends. LegendMUD was one of the first MUD games to allow players to choose character attributes instead of classes, which later influenced the creation of games like Ultima Online. In 2019, I co-founded Playable Worlds, a studio specializing in the development of massively multiplayer online games (MMOs), with game designer Eric Goldberg. Our goal is to create unique game worlds where players can immerse themselves in exciting adventures and interact with each other.

Koster, a professionally trained writer, deeply explores the topic of game mechanics and their impact on user engagement. In his acclaimed book, Game Design and Entertainment Theory, he offers a unique perspective on the formation of gaming interest and methods for stimulating it. Readers can discover his prose and poetry on his official website. During his school years, Koster was interested in creating board games, which became the foundation for his subsequent creative path.

Raf Koster at GDC 2012. Source: Wikimedia Commons. At this event, Koster, a renowned game developer, presented his ideas and developments that have had a significant impact on the video game industry. GDC 2012 has become an important platform for the exchange of experience and innovation among gaming professionals. Koster's work, including his approach to game design and player interaction, continues to inspire new developers and shape the future of the gaming industry.

What is creativity?

Creativity is often perceived as inspiration, a mystical force that comes unexpectedly and disappears just as quickly. However, this statement is not entirely accurate. According to Raph Koster, creativity most often manifests itself at the intersection of various ideas, concepts, and images from different spheres of life, cultures, and disciplines. It is a kind of process when you mix the unmixable, like oil and water. In his talk, Koster shares methods that will help develop creativity and make it part of everyday practice. Once you master these techniques, you will be able to systematically generate new ideas and approaches in your work.

In this article, we will focus on methods for generating new ideas, especially in the context of developing game mechanics. It is important to note that creativity is not always associated with creativity. Creativity requires the ability to analyze and synthesize information, as well as the ability to think outside the box and create something fundamentally new. Effective idea generation techniques can include brainstorming, using associations, combining existing concepts, and researching trends in the gaming industry. These approaches will help developers find unique solutions and create innovative game mechanics that will attract players and distinguish their projects from the competition.

Laying the Foundation

Creativity in any discipline requires a theoretical foundation. In the context of games, this is especially true: play different games, disassemble them, and analyze them. By studying the structure of games, you can understand the elements they are made of. By observing how developers use these elements, you will begin to notice systems and relationships that were previously invisible to you. Understanding the internal structure of other games is key to creating your own projects. Without this knowledge, developing new games becomes a much more difficult task.

The first thing to do is change the way we perceive games. Koster offers an interesting example: a first-person shooter is usually perceived as a separate genre, while poker is simply seen as a game. But what if we consider FPS and poker as something in common? This can open new horizons for analyzing and understanding game mechanics, and also expand your understanding of what a game is.

A game is a set of rules, behaviors, and resources that interact with each other within a single system. Although the same set of elements may manifest itself in different ways—for example, chess pieces in the context of The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter—the basic structure of the game remains unchanged. Games that differ only in appearance are called clones, according to the terms proposed by Koster.

There are different variants of games based on the same mechanics, but with modified rules and new features. For example, throw-in and transfer fool are variations of the same game. Several such variations form a game family, which over time can develop into a separate genre. These games attract players with a variety of rules and strategies, allowing everyone to choose the version they enjoy most.

Poker has a rich history, beginning with a game with a limited number of cards and a single round. Over time, the deck of cards increased, and the rules and variations of the game evolved. Today, poker includes many different formats, which can differ significantly from each other. However, all these games are united by a common name - poker, which emphasizes its diversity and uniqueness in the world of gambling.

Analogies between different game genres, such as first-person shooters, 2D platformers, and strategy games, are quite appropriate. Ultimately, poker and FPS are games, and there are many similarities between them that may not be obvious at first glance. Both categories require strategic thinking, the ability to adapt, and situational analysis, which makes them similar. Games, regardless of genre, bring players together, providing an opportunity to develop skills and enjoy the process.

Koster emphasizes that most modern video games are Variations on existing concepts. In practice, developers most often work within certain genres, and creating something truly innovative rarely happens. This is a normal phenomenon in the video game industry.

Developing new games from scratch is an exciting process, but all the tools, techniques, and tips I offer are also suitable for creating variations and expanding existing genres and game families. You don't have to start from scratch. Use these approaches to, for example, develop a first-person shooter in a new direction. This will allow you not only to preserve the elements that players liked but also to bring freshness and originality to existing mechanics.

The second key step is to be able to break the whole down into its component parts and understand what games are made of at the "molecular" level. In other words, it is important to understand what modules, which represent game mechanics, make up a game. According to Koster, mechanics can be thought of as mini-games that form something larger. By building your own library of mechanics and getting used to thinking modularly, you'll greatly simplify the process of combining and experimenting with various game elements. This will help you better structure your ideas and improve the quality of your game projects.

Koster recommends that game designers follow certain principles to create successful games. It's important to consider the target audience and their preferences to ensure that game development is tailored as closely as possible to player needs. Additionally, it's important to pay attention to gameplay mechanics, ensuring a balance between complexity and interest. Don't forget about visual design and sound, which play a key role in immersing the user in the game world. By following these recommendations, game designers will be able to create more attractive and engaging projects that can gain popularity in the market.

• play a huge number of board and mobile games;
• get yourself an arcade machine and play through the games in chronological order (let's be realistic, it's much easier to use an emulator. - Author).

Let's look at why this is so important. In board, mobile, and arcade games, mechanics are presented in a more simplified and clear format, making them easier to understand and separate from the overall context. In large, high-budget projects, the layer of complexity increases significantly, making it difficult to discern key details and structure. Koster emphasizes that it is critical for AAA developers to be able to abstractly perceive the "skeletons" of games and to develop this skill. Implementing this practice will help create higher-quality and more thoughtful game mechanics, which, in turn, will improve the overall perception and allow players to better appreciate the product. Koster emphasizes that mobile and indie games are experiencing a significantly higher number of innovative ideas, which opens up new learning opportunities. This is because innovation is always associated with high risks, as experiments do not always yield the expected results. Smaller budgets allow indie developers to take fewer risks, which encourages bold and creative decisions. Таким образом, инди-игры становятся площадкой для инноваций и экспериментов, что может быть полезным для всей индустрии.

Возьмите колоду карт и разложите её рубашкой вверх на четыре стопки, в каждой из которых должен находиться один туз. В этой игре существует простое правило: начинайте открывать карты в первой стопке, и как только вы обнаружите туза, переходите ко второй стопке. Несмотря на свою простоту, этот процесс может оказаться увлекательным и захватывающим. Игра не требует сложных стратегий, что делает её доступной для всех. Попробуйте провести время с друзьями или семьей, наблюдая за тем, сколько времени уйдет на поиск всех тузов. Это занятие может стать отличным способом развлекаться и тренировать внимательность.

В 2013 году игра Gone Home была удостоена множества номинаций и наград, что свидетельствует о её высоком качестве и значимости в индустрии видеоигр. Этот проект стал важным этапом в развитии интерактивных историй и привлёк внимание как игроков, так и критиков.

The mechanic at the core of Gone Home is known as environmental storytelling. This method, familiar to every game designer, involves players exploring the world by interacting with various objects. Similar to a game with four decks of cards, you find key points of interest and interact with them. Each discovery of new objects leads to further exploration and immersion in the story, allowing for a deeper understanding of the game's plot and atmosphere. Environmental storytelling is becoming an essential tool for creating engaging gameplay and developing narrative, making it a significant element in modern video games.

The ability to abstract various game mechanics allows for the creation of a unique library of design elements. This can include collections, timers, statistics, items, inventory, combo attacks, decision trees, roles, and tasks such as the backpack puzzle. The list of such mechanics can be expanded indefinitely, which opens up new possibilities for developing unique gameplay experiences and improving player interaction.

Koster emphasizes the importance of mastering various mechanics, as they serve as working tools. He notes that many mechanics have isomorphic properties: they can be described using different terms, but in practice, they function similarly. For example, Sudoku can be viewed as a fill-in-the-blanks problem on a board or as a set packing problem. Although mathematically different, these approaches ultimately lead to the same result. Understanding these mechanics contributes to a deeper mastery of the subject and improves problem-solving skills.

Back to Creativity

Understanding game mechanics and how games work is an important aspect for generating new ideas and conducting experiments in game design. In this context, it is worth paying attention to the key elements that can be worked with, as well as ways to develop creative thinking. Exploring different game systems, interactions, and user experiences can greatly enrich the development process, opening up new horizons for creative solutions.

Nothing comes from a vacuum. Creativity often manifests itself in changing context: we take a known phenomenon, concept, or object and place it in a new, unfamiliar setting, using it where it hasn't been done before. Keep the process simple—work with simple ideas. Apply them in different contexts, modify them, and experiment. Regularly ask the question: "What if?" This will help you discover new perspectives and find unique solutions.

Let's consider a technique for using dice outside of its usual context. In most games, dice serve as a random number generator from 1 to 6. However, if you step away from this standard use and think about new possibilities, you can discover a wealth of ideas. For example, dice can be used as a tool for decision-making, task assignment, or even for creating unique game scenarios. It can become an element of training for developing creativity, where each throw determines the next step in the process. This opens up new horizons for using a simple object in various spheres of life and activity.

• hit point counter;
• timer;
• status indicator or maximum possible value;
• building blocks (as in the board game Blueprints).

Koster has collected several ideas for maps that might be of interest to the audience. These ideas can be used to create engaging content and visualize information. Let's take a closer look at them.

• a set of available actions;
• building blocks (for a house of cards);
• a tool for predicting the future;
• objects that are convenient for covering other objects.

Imagine that you developed a small RPG and gave a mage player five spells: small and large fireballs, a fire shower, a wall of fire, and a fire whip. If you want to diversify the gameplay, adding a new spell, such as dragon breath, may not be an effective solution. Although it will increase the variety of battles, the core mechanics will remain the same. Without introducing new mechanics and rules, the player will not be able to gain new knowledge and skills, since the added content will work similarly to the existing one. This can lead to a decrease in interest and boredom among users. To increase engagement and create a compelling gaming experience, it's important not only to add new spells but also to develop unique mechanics that will enrich the gameplay and stimulate player learning.

Consider a situation where a timer is added to a game that previously didn't track time. The introduction of a new time metric opens up new horizons for gameplay goals. Players can strive for achievements such as quickly completing a level (speedruns and races), surviving for an extended period, or solving tasks that require coordination (for example, interacting with timed buttons in Portal 2). This creates additional challenges and tasks for players, allowing them to rediscover the gameplay and increase their interest in the game. The introduction of a timer not only diversifies the game, but also enriches the user experience, making it more dynamic and exciting.

Adding new metrics can be an effective way to update gameplay, but Koster emphasizes that too many parameters isn't always an advantage for developers. Too many metrics can confuse players and complicate the game's perception, which can negatively impact the overall experience. It's important to find a balance between new elements and usability to provide players with an engaging and understandable experience.

When adding a new metric, it's always worth considering removing an existing one. This will allow you to evaluate the impact of the changes and identify more effective metrics. Not every idea will be successful, but experimenting with metrics can lead to new and interesting results and improve data analysis. Experimentation is key to optimizing and improving the effectiveness of your metrics.

Koster states that there are only five significant fighting games in the history of video games, among which Street Fighter does not rank. This opinion highlights that there are a limited number of games that have had a significant impact on the fighting game genre, and Street Fighter, despite its popularity, is not one of them.

• Rock, Paper, Scissors (BC);
• Karate Champ (1984);
• Karateka (1984);
• Battle Arena Toshinden (1995);
• Bushido Blade (1997).

Koster singles out these games because each of them made significant changes to the genre, radically transforming the gaming space. Unlike most fighting games, which simply repeat established templates and introduce variety into combat mechanics, these games offer unique approaches and innovations. Let's take a closer look at the evolution of this genre.

• "Rock, Paper, Scissors" - 3 attacks, 0 defense, there is no playing space as such, since opponents do not move. This game can rightfully be called the earliest fighting game.
• Karate Champ - in addition to attacks, defense appeared, opponents move along one horizontal axis. Classic Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, Tekken fall into this category. Many fighting games still use this principle.
• Karateka - added stances, opponents move along one horizontal axis with side scrolling. Karateka and Kung-Fu Master - beat 'em ups from 1984 - were the first to make the playing space in fighting games continuous.
• Battle Arena Toshinden - a unique ability to dodge attacks to the side (sidestep) appeared; This allowed opponents to move beyond the single horizontal axis everyone was accustomed to. Some consider this fighting game the first to bring combat into 3D space, but movement is still limited: the player still walks forward and backward, and dodging is performed with a single button. It's worth noting that the control scheme for dodging was poorly implemented, but it was nonetheless an important step in the genre's development.

• Bushido Blade added weapons and a unique damage system that allows you to inflict damage on different parts of the body, thereby limiting the enemy's physical capabilities. But the main innovation is that opponents fight in a fully three-dimensional space, moving freely along a horizontal plane. As experience has shown, this movement model was not the most successful, and other fighting games did not adopt it. The player also gained the ability to minimally interact with the environment - for example, chopping bamboo stalks.

The history of platformers demonstrates an interesting evolution of the genre. Initially, games developed in a limited 2D space, then endless scrolling appeared, and ultimately we got a full-fledged 3D world, like in Super Mario 64. Experimentation with dimensions played a significant role in the development of all game genres. Although the creation of a new plane seems unlikely today, the possibility of unusual applications of already known models of game space exists. This opens up new horizons for developers, who can integrate old ideas into fresh concepts, creating unique game mechanics and levels. Thus, platformers continue to evolve, maintaining their appeal and relevance in the video game market.

Game designers are encouraged to have a diverse set of game pieces on hand that can be useful not only in board games. Include chess pieces, checkers, dice, counters, and game boards in your collection, as well as classic cards and UNO. Don't forget marbles, cubes, LEGO sets, and cardboard boxes with geometric shapes. Collect everything that might be useful, lay it out on the table, and create unique game mechanics and ideas. Having such a set will help you develop creativity and find new solutions for your projects.

Analog modeling is ideal for developing video game prototypes. Digital and board games share similar mechanics and often operate in a step-by-step fashion. Take a chessboard and imagine what a first-person shooter would look like in this format. Try to look at familiar elements from a new perspective. This will help you create unique game mechanics and improve your development process.

Most creative professions offer numerous exercises that help develop skills in working under constraints. This could be a 2-minute drawing, a 1,000-character text challenge, or building a model from available materials. Such constraints foster creativity and allow for creative solutions. Game designers should also use this approach to hone their skills and develop unique game concepts. Constraints can be a powerful tool in game development, allowing you to focus on key elements and streamline the creative process.

Set yourself a challenging task that seems impossible, and you will discover many creative solutions. Is it possible to create a game using only two shapes—a square and a rectangle? How do you design a non-violent RPG or a first-person shooter set in a confined space, like a small box? These questions open up new horizons of creativity for developers and encourage unique approaches to game design. By exploring these ideas, you can create an engaging gaming experience that is original and captivating. Creativity emerges when you find yourself in an empty space, isolated from the outside world, and, faced with the thought, "This is impossible!", begin to search for ways to solve the problem. Such situations give birth to unique ideas and unconventional approaches that help overcome limitations and find a way out of a difficult situation. Creative thinking opens up new horizons and allows you to find innovative solutions, even when they seem inaccessible.

Exciting games offer players multiple goals, which makes gameplay more engaging. Koster emphasizes that the greatest interest arises when these goals conflict or diverge from each other. This variety of objectives adds depth and complexity, allowing players to make strategic decisions and experience new emotions during the game.

Deal damage to the enemy while maintaining your own safety. Attack the enemy base while defending your own. In most games, one goal is prioritized, and failure to achieve it can lead to defeat. For example, in Defender, the primary goal is to protect the astronauts, which is more important than destroying aliens, although the two goals are interconnected. Competing goals, or "verbs," as Koster calls them, encourage the player to make quick decisions, which significantly increases engagement. Every player's choice matters and affects the outcome of the game, making it more dynamic and exciting.

The addition of the "better faster" goal led to the emergence of speedruns, which have become a real movement today. This significantly increases the replayability of many games, including classics like Super Mario 64. Speedruns not only allow players to test their skills but also open new horizons for exploring game mechanics, which contributes to their popularity and longevity in the gaming industry.

Too many goals can lead to chaos. It is important to remember that multitasking has its limits. In multiplayer games, the situation is different: a variety of conflicting tasks is not only appropriate but necessary. This is the foundation of role mechanics. For example, in Overwatch, roles are divided into three main categories: tank, damage, and support. Within each of these categories, there are informal subgroups, such as main and off-tanks. The key is that even within subgroups, each hero performs unique tasks depending on their individual abilities. This creates unique gameplay for each character and ensures team composition dynamics. Players can choose the playstyle that suits their preferences, which makes the gameplay more engaging and varied.

Экспериментирование с уже установленными целями позволяет находить новые механики и формулировки. При более глубоком анализе можно обнаружить неожиданные сходства между, казалось бы, абсолютно различными играми. Такой подход открывает новые горизонты для творчества и инноваций в игровом дизайне.

С точки зрения математики, цель игрока в Pac-Man заключается в посещении всех узлов графа, что соответствует прохождению каждой клетки игрового поля. Если переформулировать задачу как «необходимо посетить несколько определённых клеток», можно получить механику «сбор объектов», аналогичную таковым в играх, таких как Lode Runner, Jumpman или Super Mario. В данном случае эти объекты будут представлять собой те самые ключевые клетки. Если же изменить цель на «необходимо найти определённые скрытые клетки», то это приведет к созданию системы секретов, что добавляет элемент исследования и интриги в игровой процесс.

Мы обычно рассматриваем клавиатуру, мышь и контроллер как различные способы управления одной и той же игрой. Но что, если подход к управлению можно представить как отдельную мини-игру? Такой взгляд позволяет глубже понять взаимодействие игрока с игровым процессом и исследовать, как разные устройства могут влиять на игровые стратегии и эффективность. Изучение управления как самостоятельного элемента игровой механики открывает новые горизонты для оптимизации игрового опыта.

Рассматривая игру Defender, полезно понимать, что управление является важным элементом игрового процесса. Мой опыт показывает, что я успешно играю в Defender на Atari 2600 с джойстиком, но испытываю трудности на аркадном автомате. Эта разница подчеркивает, как легко можно попасть в ловушку, когда игрок не адаптируется к особенностям управления. Я сам потратил много монет в игровых залах, пытаясь освоить управление на разных платформах. Понимание механики игры и адаптация к различным устройствам управления имеют решающее значение для достижения успеха в Defender.

Устройства ввода значительно влияют на игровой опыт. Например, играя в Dark Souls, можно заметить разницу между клавиатурным и контроллерным управлением. В мобильных играх, где управление осуществляется через сенсорный экран, разработчики часто применяют креативные подходы. Одним из таких примеров является игра Soccer Physics, в которой управление реализовано всего лишь одной кнопкой, которую можно нажимать и удерживать. Это упрощает взаимодействие и делает игровой процесс более доступным для пользователей.

Luality successfully completed all of Dark Souls 3's challenges using a DDR dancepad. gbbearzly has previously demonstrated creativity by battling Dark Souls bosses using a variety of unconventional methods, including drums, guitar, piano, and voice commands. This highlights players' unique approaches to challenging games and their desire to explore new ways to interact with game mechanics.

Swapping input devices and experimenting with controls are effective methods for creating unique gaming experiences. Rafa Koster offers several examples that demonstrate how innovative approaches to controls can change the perception and interaction with a game. Such experiments not only expand the horizons of game design, but also bring fresh ideas to familiar mechanics, which contributes to the development of the gaming industry.

• Analog vs. digital controls. Replace the joystick with an on-screen button - you get Soccer Physics.
• Simple vs. complex input device. Replace the control buttons with a motion detector - you get the Wii.
• Momentary press vs. hold. Start tracking the time you hold down a key—this will allow you to charge an attack.
• One button vs. multiple buttons for one action. Break down a simple run, which is usually assigned to a single key, into several components - you get QWOP.

Topology in games often goes unnoticed, yet it plays a key role in game design. Understanding topology helps create more realistic and immersive game worlds. Analyze how other developers use topology and begin consciously implementing this tool in your projects. This will improve the quality of gameplay and increase player engagement.

In Space Invaders, the player and aliens move horizontally, with enemies gradually descending. If you slightly alter the enemy movement pattern, you get Galaxian. By turning the horizontal axis along which the player moves into a ring, you get Gyruss. If you change it to a square or octagon, you get Tempest. Essentially, you're simply connecting the two ends of a single line, creating the effect of infinite movement. Thus, just small changes in the topology led to the creation of several new game concepts from one original game.

Tetris is a prime example of a game with multiple variations, varying both in block shapes and playing field configurations. The game's elements offer a variety of combinations, making each session unique and engaging. The ability to change the topology of blocks and fields creates endless space for strategic thinking and creativity, which attracts players of all ages.

Combining elements from different games can lead to interesting results. Start by choosing one piece from game A and one from game B, focusing on the similarity of topology. This will help create a harmonious combination that will be logically perceived by players. Use elements that complement each other to create a unique gaming experience. It's important to consider the mechanics and styles of these games to ensure fluid interactions and engaging gameplay.

• Joust and Super Mario;
• Twister and Tic-Tac-Toe;
• Dance Dance Revolution and Simon;
• Space Invaders and Breakout.

Imagine how the gameplay of Space Invaders would change if the shooting system combined elements of Breakout. Instead of straightforwardly shooting at aliens, players could control a platform, deflecting projectiles back at enemies. This would add an element of strategy, allowing players to plan their actions and combine attacks for maximum effect. This approach to shooting could make the game more dynamic and interactive, offering new tactical possibilities. Innovations in game mechanics can significantly increase interest in classic arcade genres and attract new audiences.

Try to connect the incompatible by experimenting with similar games. Koster emphasizes that even in such cases, it's likely you'll find common threads and elements that unite various game mechanics. This will allow you to expand your horizons and find new approaches to gameplay.

Mixing game genres like blackjack and Robotron may seem unusual, but it's an interesting idea to experiment with. Try combining elements of gambling and arcade shooters to create a unique gaming experience. You might find that shooting robots combined with elements of luck can be an exciting distraction. Explore cross-genre possibilities and find commonalities between these games to create something new and engaging.

"Alice in Wonderland" is a famous work by Lewis Carroll that captivates readers of all ages. In this captivating story, we follow the adventures of young Alice, who finds herself in a magical world full of amazing creatures and unusual events. N. M. Demurova's translation allows for a deeper understanding of the original's atmosphere and meaning, capturing all the subtleties and nuances of the language. This book not only entertains but also provokes reflection on the most important questions of life, identity, and the perception of reality. Alice in Wonderland remains relevant and inspiring for new generations, making it a classic of children's literature. Read this masterpiece and immerse yourself in a world of fantasy and amazing discoveries.

When solving various problems, we tend to turn to simple and popular tools. The situation is similar in the gaming industry: each genre has its own standard elements and game mechanics. However, it is worth asking: what happens if you try to approach familiar concepts from an unconventional perspective? Let's consider this with a specific example.

A real-time strategy (RTS) game is unthinkable without a map, which serves as the basis for understanding the game space and territory. However, the question arises: is it possible to replace the traditional world map with something more unusual, for example, a deck of playing cards? Or perhaps simulating first-person shooter shooting with dice rolls? Such approaches can not only change the perception of game mechanics but also open up new horizons for game design. Innovative elements, such as the use of playing cards or dice, can add an element of chance and strategy, creating unique gameplay situations. This can attract players seeking original solutions and fresh ideas within the genre. Thus, experimenting with card formats and mechanics can lead to unexpected results and enrich the gaming experience. By simulating a typical game element using the most inappropriate and awkward means, you can not only expand an existing genre but also create an entirely new one. Although this may seem unlikely, this is how true innovations occur in the gaming industry. Unconventional approaches and creative solutions can lead to innovations that will change the perception of video games.

Here are some absurd proposals from Koster:

Is it possible to model certain processes or phenomena? The question of whether it is possible to create a model capable of reproducing the real behavior of systems is relevant in various fields of science and technology. Modeling allows not only to better understand complex phenomena but also to predict their development. Modern technologies, including computer modeling and machine learning algorithms, significantly expand the horizons of the possible. This opens up new prospects in such fields as ecology, economics, biology, and physics. Thus, modeling becomes an important tool for scientists and specialists striving for deep analysis and effective solution of current problems.

• ...an aiming system using tokens?
• ...a jumping system using a dice?
• ...a health system via a world map?
• ...3D space via 1D?

Clones are games that have similar characteristics but differ only in their appearance. However, Koster introduces the concept of "metaphor", which, despite some similarities with cloning, has its own unique features. In this context, metaphor not only changes the visual style of the game, but also introduces changes to the game mechanics and rules. This allows for the creation of new and interesting gameplay experiences, even with minor changes to the rules. Let's look at a few examples to better understand how metaphors influence game dynamics and user experience.

The goal of Pac-Man is to complete all the squares on the playing field. Metaphorically, this can be expressed as the desire to “eat all the dots on the map.”

Let's change Let's use the same metaphor, but keep the same goal: instead of "eat all the dots," we use "color all the platforms." An example of such a game is Miner 2049er. In this game, the player takes on the role of a police officer exploring mines in search of an escaped criminal. Each level represents a unique section of the mine with uncolored platforms that the player must navigate and color. Thus, by coloring the platforms, the player not only completes the game's objectives but also delves into the plot, exploring the mines and uncovering the story.

With the introduction of platforms in the game Miner 2049er, elements of jumping appeared, which significantly changed the gameplay. Despite these innovations, the game's core objective remains similar to classic Pac-Man, retaining elements of strategy and exploration. This combination of new mechanics and familiar challenges makes the game engaging for fans of retro arcades. Imagine that we're tasked with not just painting platforms, but renovating the walls of a house. Let's visualize the process: renovating an old apartment, rollers and buckets of brushes, repainting peeling walls. This image could form the basis for a new gameplay mechanic, already successfully used in games like Portal 2 and Splatoon. We're talking about a repainting mechanic that can add depth and dynamism to gameplay, allowing players to interact with the environment on a new level. Repainting walls can not only change the visual aspect of the game but also impact gameplay, opening up new possibilities for strategies and solutions in various gameplay situations. Returning to the theme of renovation, we note that the game Bristles perfectly embodies this process. In it, the player must paint the walls of several houses within a limited time. As a painter, you navigate the building's floors using elevators and stairs, dodging flying paint cans and running buckets that can steal your brushes. On more challenging levels, a character named Brenda appears, leaving her handprints in the fresh paint, forcing the player to repaint the walls again. This game is not only addictive but also tests time and space management skills, making it appealing to fans of gambling and renovation.

By considering the concept of repainting the cells on the playing field and making changes to the topology and methods of movement, you can create a unique game similar to Q*bert. This classic arcade project offers players an engaging gameplay based on strategic movement on a multifaceted surface. Experimentation with mechanics and design can lead to new interesting variations of the game, while preserving the spirit of the original.

The point is not only to change the appearance of the game, but also to choose a new metaphor for its perception. Your main verb that defines the goal of the game, such as reaching the end of a level or collecting all the items, remains unchanged. However, the new metaphor creates opportunities for introducing additional rules and mechanics, which can significantly enrich the gameplay and expand its horizons.

The Artistic Side of the Game

Koster offers several practical recommendations for applying creative thinking skills to create new game plots. It is important to note that completely ignoring mechanics will not work. Основная идея заключается в том, что художественная и техническая стороны игры должны гармонично сочетаться. Здесь речь не совсем о людо-нарративном диссонансе, а о том, что как сюжет, так и геймплей должны предлагать игроку оригинальные и инновационные идеи. Давайте подробнее рассмотрим этот вопрос.

Костер считает, что основная проблема разработчиков игр заключается в их склонности выбирать привычные и порой утомительные сюжетные модели. В большинстве игр пользовательский опыт основывается на одной и той же устаревшей цели — стремлении к силе и победе. Чтобы создать нечто по-настоящему оригинальное, необходимо подходить к разработке истории с глубокой проработкой и новыми идеями. Это позволит не только привлечь внимание игроков, но и создать уникальный игровой опыт, который запомнится надолго.

Ключевым инструментом в создании игрового контента являются детализированные вопросы и тщательные ответы на них. На чем основывается сюжет и как игрок взаимодействует с завязкой? Какую роль играет игровая механика в процессе и как она влияет на опыт игрока? Рассмотрим на примере RPG: в этой жанровой категории сюжетные линии и механики взаимодействия играют центральную роль, формируя уникальный опыт для каждого игрока. Важно понять, как хорошо проработанные элементы сюжета и механики могут создать глубокую вовлеченность и заинтересованность, что в свою очередь улучшает общее восприятие игры.

• What is the essence of the game system? Earn XP to level up and find loot, which will allow you to earn even more XP.
• What is the player's goal within this game system? To level up their character as much as possible.
• What is the essence of the game experience? To overcome the path from a beginner to a powerful hero.
• What is the goal of the game experience? To make the player feel powerful.

The game plot may center on a charismatic character on a motorcycle with two katanas on his back, but this does not mean that the main goal of the game is just to demonstrate his coolness. It is important to delve into the content. For example, the movie "Die Hard" illustrates this perfectly: the main plot line is the hero's desire to restore the relationship and get his spouse back after a breakup. He is ready to do anything to achieve this goal. While the film features spectacular scenes of exploding helicopters and shootouts with terrorists, the real emotion and depth of the story lies not in the special effects, but in the internal conflict and the desire for love. This emphasizes that a successful game story must include not only action but also the emotional experiences of the characters, making it more engaging for players.

The answer to the question "What is my game about?" can be addressed at two levels: narrative and technical. The narrative level encompasses the main themes and ideas you want to convey to the player. At this stage, you can ask yourself questions about the nature of the story, its conflicts, and character motivations. The technical level focuses on the game mechanics, which are the basis of player interaction with the game. Here, it is important to consider how gameplay elements support or develop the plot, as well as how they affect the overall gaming experience. This will help you create a deeper, more engaging game that will engage players on both a story and mechanics level.

• What story do I want to tell?
• What emotions do I want to evoke in the player?
• What is the main idea?

Choosing a story level as a starting point for game development is a fairly common practice. This is not a mistake, as many developers start with this concept. However, it is important to keep in mind that in this case, there is a risk that the story and game mechanics will not be harmoniously combined. Some game mechanics are already too familiar to players, and even the most engaging and original story may not leave the desired impression. To avoid this, it is recommended to pay attention to both the story and gameplay elements, creating a complementary experience for the player.

If you decide to start with a story, your main goal is to create a unique story that has not been told before or has only been seen in rare cases. This is a difficult task, but it is entirely achievable. Focus on originality in your story and try to offer readers something new and engaging.

Koster invites you to revisit your last vacation or memorable childhood moments to uncover those emotions that left a deep impression. These can be simple yet meaningful moments: how your parents taught you to ride a bike or how you launched maple "helicopters" from the balcony. These small details, seemingly insignificant at first glance, can inspire and help you find creative ideas. Memories of such moments can become a source of inspiration and motivate you to new achievements.

Once you've recalled several events, ask yourself: "Are there already games about this?" — for example, about how to ride a bike. If there aren't any, you have a unique opportunity to be the first to create a game on this topic.

Instead of relying on personal memories, you can turn to random phenomena and objects. Explore various ideas and highlight those that seem unusual or strange. Then develop them within the context of the game, eliminating ineffective options. This creative process can lead to unexpected results, and that is precisely its appeal.

As Koster noted, almost no one has made games about...

• ...the way a tree works from the inside.
• ...the stages of grief.
• ...molecular gastronomy or taste.
• ...chemical reactions.
• ...hole punches.
• ...a first-person plush toy.
• ...the life of a bubble wand.

Our main mistake is not using our imagination enough. I often serve as a judge at end-of-year awards shows, which gives me the opportunity to gather all the games in one place. When I lay out their covers, it becomes obvious that many of them feature a man with a shaved head and a beard holding a large weapon. This makes you think about how similar the plots of modern games are. It's important to recognize that originality and creativity have become scarce in the gaming industry, and we must strive to create unique and engaging stories.

Let's return to the second option, which involves starting at the gameplay level. It's important to be able to visualize the systems that underpin a game. This skill takes time and effort, but it can be mastered by breaking the process down into several stages. To guide your thinking, it's helpful to ask yourself questions.

Choose a compelling mechanic, topology, or metric discussed in the first part of the article and analyze its significance for the plot. If your mechanic involves teamwork, hostility, persuasion, or empathy, find an appropriate metaphor or "verb" for it. For example, if it's "persuasion," consider how this might be applied—politics, legal defense, family therapy, or romantic relationships. Systems can intertwine like the pieces of a Russian doll, allowing you to create a complex and multi-layered model around a single idea. This approach not only enriches the story but also makes it more engaging for the audience.

Imagine that in your game, two objects can only move when adjacent to each other. This mechanic opens up a wealth of opportunities to explore themes of friendship and support. While there are plenty of games like this, it's important to delve into specific details to create a unique gaming experience. For example, you could tell the story of two close friends who are forced to separate and begin their lives in different cities, but find ways to stay connected. Or you could tell the funny story of a snail attaching itself to a turtle's shell and helping it on its journey. Alternatively, you could depict the moment when a mother teaches her child to ride a bike, symbolizing support and overcoming fears. By developing these ideas, you can create emotionally rich content that will engage players and make them think about the meaning of friendship and help.

You've probably noticed that the two approaches to game development strive for synergy, which confirms the opinion of game designer Koster. He notes that in the AAA segment, the process often starts from the top level, while in casual games and puzzle games, it starts from the bottom. The result is something that is only a shell. However, according to Koster, the most interesting concepts are likely to be innovative if they are developed with both perspectives in mind. Synthesizing these approaches can lead to the creation of unique and memorable game projects that can appeal to a wide audience.

The optimal approach is to clearly define your ultimate goals in the context of the story and gameplay. Then, you should select ideas that will align with these goals until they find a common solution. This method will create a harmonious interaction between the storyline and game mechanics, which will ultimately improve the quality of your project.

At a recent designers' convention, there was a discussion about why a high-quality romance game has yet to be created. My wife, a romance writer, showed me that creating a love story is a true science with clearly defined components. At the center of such a story are two people, each with their own flaws, who help each other overcome them. During these discussions, I began to think about mechanics that could be used in the game. It is important that the act of giving be at the core of the plot. However, to allow characters to get to know each other more deeply, it is necessary to introduce elements that represent certain resources with an initially unknown quantity. This led me to think about what these resources might be. For example, confidence, independence, and loyalty are typical themes for romance plots. So I started exploring different ideas and connecting them together.

"Self-Help" and Other Harmless Tips

Koster concludes his presentation with general recommendations that can be found in most self-help books. However, developers should pay attention to them. We have not mentioned advice on the importance of adequate sleep, physical activity, and regular rest, since this information is already known. However, it is important to remember that these aspects play a key role in increasing productivity and overall well-being.

Develop creativity as a habit. Creativity is a skill that can be turned into a daily activity. Become a creator every day, turning the process into a ritual, not just a routine task. For example, Stephen King strives to write two thousand words daily. James ‘Jayenkai’ Gamble has been creating short free games weekly for several years, and also shares quatrains, pixel art, and music daily. We recommend visiting his website for inspiration. Regularly practicing creativity will help you develop your skills and reach new creative heights.

Embrace disorder. Unexpected ideas often arise in chaos. When you surround yourself with elements unrelated to your current project, they can spark creative thoughts. For example, if you're thinking about a new shooter concept, a stray stapler might inspire you to create an original battle royale game. This approach can significantly enrich your ideas and lead to unique solutions during the development process.

Working with background noise can significantly enhance creativity. Research shows that noise levels around 70 dB stimulate creative thinking and facilitate the generation of new ideas. To create the right sound atmosphere, you can use the café soundtracks available on Coffitivity.com. These recordings will help you focus and inspire, improving your productivity while you work.

Carry a notepad with you. Don't rely on your memory—write down all interesting ideas and observations. Writing by hand helps you retain information better. You can use either a paper notepad or a tablet. This will help you stay inspired and organize your thoughts.

Don't be afraid to take risks. Fear of failure is one of the main obstacles to creativity. It's important to recognize in advance that most ideas may fail and to keep working on them. Don't consign unsuccessful projects to the dustbin: after a while, you can return to them and see new opportunities for improvement. Koster also advises abandoning the traditional brainstorming model, where the team simply puts forward ideas without criticism. Objective criticism is essential because it promotes more effective idea generation and improves the overall creativity of the team. Put yourself in your audience's shoes. Often ask, "How does the user see it?" instead of "How do I see it?" Try to recreate the situation in your imagination, imagining how the user interacts with your product or content. To test your visualization skills, try a simple exercise: close your eyes and try to imagine a wheelbarrow. Give yourself some time. Now, if you've already completed the visualization, let's evaluate the result. You might simply see a wheelbarrow—plain and empty. But you can also imagine two cracked bricks in it, a deep scratch on the metal side, and clumps of dirt stuck to the wheels. One screw on the handle might stick out, causing your hand to catch. The more details you can imagine, the better. If you're missing details, don't worry; just try again. Developing this skill will help you better understand your audience's needs and perceptions, which, in turn, will improve the quality of your content and its appeal to users.

Read a variety of materials and don't limit yourself to one topic. The world contains many systems, relationships, and contexts, so it's useful to explore even areas unrelated to your core business. This will not only help broaden your horizons but can also be a source of new ideas. For example, the game SimCity was developed based on urban development theory, particularly from Jay Forrester's book Urban Dynamics. Similarly, SimEarth was inspired by James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis. A variety of reading enriches thinking and promotes creativity.

Avoid team monotony. Koster Studios recommend periodically rotating teams and assigning employees to new, unusual projects. When hiring new specialists, consider the diversity of candidates' experiences and interests. If you work alone, participate in game jams and offer collaboration with other artists and developers. The most creative teams are often formed by people with different approaches and thinking styles. During game jams, developers, even if they are strangers to each other, collaborate effectively and create unique game concepts. This promotes innovation and the development of new ideas in the gaming industry.

Learn to explain ideas. The ability to clearly and concisely communicate your thoughts and concepts is directly related to abstract thinking skills and a systems approach. For helpful examples and inspiration, visit the ELI5 subreddit, where complex topics are explained in simple, accessible language. This will help you develop your communication skills and improve your understanding of complex concepts. Accept that even the most original and innovative idea does not guarantee success. It is important to understand that many obstacles may arise on the path to achieving your goals. Success requires not only creativity but also careful analysis, planning, and hard work. It is necessary to be prepared for potential failures and learn from them for further development. When it comes to leaders in the creative field, preference is often given to those who adhere to traditional approaches. However, innovators who create unique concepts often do not receive significant financial rewards. If financial motivation is your primary motivation, this path may not be for you. It is a risky path, and even if you follow all the recommendations and methods, you will likely face more failures than successes. So why go down this path? Ответ прост: творчество и иновации приносят удовлетворение, способствуют личностному росту и могут привести к неожиданным возможностям. В конечном итоге, страсть к своему делу и стремление к самовыражению могут стать ключевыми факторами, которые делают этот путь стоящим.

Перед вами открываются новые возможности. Это увлекательно и позволяет вам оставить свой след в мире. Вероятно, вы здесь, потому что стремитесь к самореализации, ведь существуют более традиционные и надежные способы заработка. Если вы подходите к делу с умом, у вас есть шанс создать свой уникальный «голубой океан», что делает этот путь выгодным с бизнес-точки зрения. Ваша креативность, уникальность каждого из нас, способствует созданию собственного бренда. В условиях современного рынка это особенно актуально, так как традиционный маркетинг теряет свою эффективность.

Главный урок заключается в том, что креативность следует превратить в привычку и развивать как навык. Подходите к этому процессу практично. Это не требует глубоких знаний, как высшая математика, но может показаться сложным. Развивая свою креативность, вы сможете находить новые идеи и решения в различных сферах жизни.

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Новаторство в геймдизайне: как Йоко Таро создаёт уникальные игры, нарушающие традиционные границы. Йоко Таро, известный японский разработчик игр, стал культовой фигурой благодаря своим оригинальным проектам, которые не только привлекают внимание, но и заставляют игроков переосмысливать свои ожидания от видеоигр. Его работы, такие как серия Nier и Drakengard, выделяются нестандартным подходом кNarrative, инновационному игровому процессу и глубоким философским темам.

Таро использует неожиданные механики и сюжетные повороты, что позволяет ему создавать уникальный опыт для игроков. Благодаря этому его игры часто рассматриваются как произведения искусства, способные вызвать эмоциональный отклик и глубокие размышления. Каждый элемент, от дизайна персонажей до музыкального сопровождения, тщательно продуман и служит общей концепции.

В результате, игры Йоко Таро не просто развлечение, а настоящее исследование человеческой природы, морали и выбора. Этот подход делает его работы не только запоминающимися, но и значимыми в контексте современного геймдизайна. Йоко Таро продолжает вдохновлять новое поколение разработчиков, открывая новые горизонты в мире видеоигр.